Ask NYC Browse All Data Public Safety Transportation Health Buildings

Metal Content of Consumer Products Tested by the NYC Health Department

This is an official DOHMH dataset. Creating derivative/community datasets based on this dataset is allowed so long as it is done in a manner that is not misleading and does not imply endorsement of such datasets by DOHMH.

NYC DOHMH tests consumer products collected during investigations of lead poisonings and store surveys, for lead. Certain consumer products are also tested for other metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury. This dataset contains the laboratory results for the consumer products that are tested. For more information on hazardous consumer products, visit nyc.gov/hazardous products.

Health Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Dataset da9u-wz3r 12 fields
DOWNLOAD CSV
Dataset fields
Showing 50 real records
201
Row Id: 201 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Chili powder
Row Id
201
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Chili powder
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-02T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
202
Row Id: 202 • Product Type: Food-Candy • Product Name: Laposse
Row Id
202
Product Type
Food-Candy
Product Name
Laposse
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Elaborado
Made In Country
MEXICO
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-02T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
203
Row Id: 203 • Product Type: Food-Candy • Product Name: Paleton
Row Id
203
Product Type
Food-Candy
Product Name
Paleton
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Coronado
Made In Country
MEXICO
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-02T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
204
Row Id: 204 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Turmeric powder
Row Id
204
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Turmeric powder
Metal
Lead
Concentration
580
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-06-03T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
205
Row Id: 205 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Cumin seeds
Row Id
205
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Cumin seeds
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-06-03T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
206
Row Id: 206 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Coriander seeds
Row Id
206
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Coriander seeds
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-06-03T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
207
Row Id: 207 • Product Type: Food Other • Product Name: Lentil
Row Id
207
Product Type
Food Other
Product Name
Lentil
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-06-03T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
208
Row Id: 208 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Calcium Lactate Granules
Row Id
208
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Calcium Lactate Granules
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
NCPC
Made In Country
CHINA
Purchase Country
CHINA
Collection Date
2011-06-03T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
209
Row Id: 209 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Chili peppers
Row Id
209
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Chili peppers
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-06T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
210
Row Id: 210 • Product Type: Food Other • Product Name: Bon Bon Bum
Row Id
210
Product Type
Food Other
Product Name
Bon Bon Bum
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Colombina
Made In Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Purchase Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Collection Date
2011-06-07T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
211
Row Id: 211 • Product Type: Food Other • Product Name: El Ocho
Row Id
211
Product Type
Food Other
Product Name
El Ocho
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Collection Date
2011-06-07T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
212
Row Id: 212 • Product Type: Food Other • Product Name: Potato chips
Row Id
212
Product Type
Food Other
Product Name
Potato chips
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Frito Lay Dominicana
Made In Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Purchase Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Collection Date
2011-06-07T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
213
Row Id: 213 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Toy
Row Id
213
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Toy
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Melissa & Doug LLC
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-08T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
214
Row Id: 214 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
214
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Arsenic
Concentration
9.5
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan (P) Ltd.
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
215
Row Id: 215 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
215
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Lead
Concentration
12
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan (P) Ltd.
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
216
Row Id: 216 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
216
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Kankayan Bati (Gulma) (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Mercury
Concentration
35
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan (P) Ltd.
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
217
Row Id: 217 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
217
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Arsenic
Concentration
4
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
218
Row Id: 218 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
218
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Lead
Concentration
3
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
219
Row Id: 219 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
219
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Raj Bati (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Mercury
Concentration
4.9
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
220
Row Id: 220 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
220
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Arsenic
Concentration
130
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
221
Row Id: 221 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
221
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Lead
Concentration
20000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
222
Row Id: 222 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
222
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Vatvidhwansan Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Mercury
Concentration
15000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Shree Baidyanath
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
223
Row Id: 223 • Product Type: Other • Product Name: Incense stick
Row Id
223
Product Type
Other
Product Name
Incense stick
Metal
Lead
Concentration
14
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
224
Row Id: 224 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Cumin seeds
Row Id
224
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Cumin seeds
Metal
Lead
Concentration
7.8
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
225
Row Id: 225 • Product Type: Cosmetics • Product Name: Surma (Hashmi)
Row Id
225
Product Type
Cosmetics
Product Name
Surma (Hashmi)
Metal
Lead
Concentration
140000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
PAKISTAN
Collection Date
2011-06-16T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
226
Row Id: 226 • Product Type: Cosmetics • Product Name: Surma
Row Id
226
Product Type
Cosmetics
Product Name
Surma
Metal
Lead
Concentration
290000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
PAKISTAN
Purchase Country
PAKISTAN
Collection Date
2011-06-16T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
227
Row Id: 227 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Hmely Sunele Kenza
Row Id
227
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Hmely Sunele Kenza
Metal
Lead
Concentration
1300
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
GEORGIA
Purchase Country
GEORGIA
Collection Date
2011-06-20T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
228
Row Id: 228 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
228
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Arsenic
Concentration
410
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
INDIA
Collection Date
2011-06-21T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
229
Row Id: 229 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
229
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Lead
Concentration
22000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
INDIA
Collection Date
2011-06-21T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
230
Row Id: 230 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Row Id
230
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Garbhapal Ras (Ayurvedic)
Metal
Mercury
Concentration
19000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
INDIA
Purchase Country
INDIA
Collection Date
2011-06-21T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
231
Row Id: 231 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Alafia Bitters
Row Id
231
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Alafia Bitters
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Ghana Herbalists Association
Made In Country
GHANA
Purchase Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Collection Date
2011-06-21T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
232
Row Id: 232 • Product Type: Cosmetics • Product Name: Crema Santa Skin Lightening Cream
Row Id
232
Product Type
Cosmetics
Product Name
Crema Santa Skin Lightening Cream
Metal
Mercury
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Laboratorios Contifarma, C. por A
Made In Country
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-23T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
S
Analysis Type
Laboratory
233
Row Id: 233 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Crayons
Row Id
233
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Crayons
Metal
Lead
Concentration
9
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
CHINA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-06-23T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
234
Row Id: 234 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Toy bus
Row Id
234
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Toy bus
Metal
Lead
Concentration
22
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Devrian Global Industries LLC
Made In Country
CHINA
Purchase Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Collection Date
2011-06-25T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
235
Row Id: 235 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Wooden block
Row Id
235
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Wooden block
Metal
Lead
Concentration
15
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Collection Date
2011-06-25T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
236
Row Id: 236 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Football
Row Id
236
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Football
Metal
Lead
Concentration
16
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Multitoys
Made In Country
BRAZIL
Purchase Country
BRAZIL
Collection Date
2011-06-27T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
237
Row Id: 237 • Product Type: Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy • Product Name: Kindermins
Row Id
237
Product Type
Dietary Supplement/Medications/Remedy
Product Name
Kindermins
Metal
Lead
Concentration
9.7
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Herbalife
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Collection Date
2011-06-28T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
238
Row Id: 238 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Chili powder
Row Id
238
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Chili powder
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
MEXICO
Purchase Country
MEXICO
Collection Date
2011-06-29T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
239
Row Id: 239 • Product Type: Tableware/Pottery • Product Name: Clay pitcher
Row Id
239
Product Type
Tableware/Pottery
Product Name
Clay pitcher
Metal
Lead
Concentration
14000
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
MEXICO
Collection Date
2011-07-06T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
240
Row Id: 240 • Product Type: Food-Candy • Product Name: Mini Paleta Payaso
Row Id
240
Product Type
Food-Candy
Product Name
Mini Paleta Payaso
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
MEXICO
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-07-13T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
241
Row Id: 241 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Wooden block
Row Id
241
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Wooden block
Metal
Lead
Concentration
4.6
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Melissa & Doug
Made In Country
CHINA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
242
Row Id: 242 • Product Type: Toys/Children's Products • Product Name: Wooden block
Row Id
242
Product Type
Toys/Children's Products
Product Name
Wooden block
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
Melissa & Doug
Made In Country
CHINA
Purchase Country
UNITED STATES
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
C
Analysis Type
Laboratory
243
Row Id: 243 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Cumin
Row Id
243
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Cumin
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
244
Row Id: 244 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Chili powder
Row Id
244
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Chili powder
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
245
Row Id: 245 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Coriander
Row Id
245
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Coriander
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
246
Row Id: 246 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Turmeric
Row Id
246
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Turmeric
Metal
Lead
Concentration
1.7
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
247
Row Id: 247 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Mustard seeds
Row Id
247
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Mustard seeds
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
248
Row Id: 248 • Product Type: Food-Spice • Product Name: Garam masala
Row Id
248
Product Type
Food-Spice
Product Name
Garam masala
Metal
Lead
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
BANGLADESH
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
249
Row Id: 249 • Product Type: Religious powder • Product Name: Sindoor
Row Id
249
Product Type
Religious powder
Product Name
Sindoor
Metal
Chromium
Concentration
-1
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
250
Row Id: 250 • Product Type: Religious powder • Product Name: Sindoor
Row Id
250
Product Type
Religious powder
Product Name
Sindoor
Metal
Lead
Concentration
180
Units
ppm
Manufacturer
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Made In Country
UNKNOWN OR NOT STATED
Purchase Country
BANGLADESH
Collection Date
2011-07-14T00:00:00.000
Investigation Type
A
Analysis Type
Laboratory
NYC Data AI • Public-data exploration interface